This is a list of Muslim scientists. Muslim scientists have played a significant role in the history of science. There have been hundreds of notable Muslim scientists who have made contributions to civilization and to society by furthering the development of science in the High Middle Ages.
· Astronomers and astrophysicists
· Chemists and alchemists
· Economists and social scientists
· Geographers and earth scientists
· Mathematicians
· Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists
· Physicians and surgeons
· Physicists and engineers
· Political scientists
· Other scientists and inventors
Astronomers and astrophysicists
· Ibrahim al-Fazari
· Muhammad al-Fazari
· Al-Khwarizmi, mathematician
· Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
· Al-Farghani
· Banu Musa (Ben Mousa)
· Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir
· Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir
· Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir
· Al-Majriti
· Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani (Albatenius)
· Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
· Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi
· Abu Sa'id Gorgani
· Kushyar ibn Labban
· Abu Ja'far al-Khazin
· Al-Mahani
· Al-Marwazi
· Al-Nayrizi
· Al-Saghani
· Al-Farghani
· Abu Nasr Mansur
· Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi)
· Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
· Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani
· Ibn Yunus
· Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen)
· Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
· Avicenna (Ibn Sina)
· Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Arzachel)
· Omar Khayyám
· Al-Khazini
· Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
· Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
· Nur Ed-Din Al Betrugi (Alpetragius)
· Averroes
· Al-Jazari
· Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
· Anvari
· Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
· Nasir al-Din Tusi
· Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
· Ibn al-Shatir
· Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
· Jamshid al-Kashi
· Ulugh Beg, also a mathematician
· Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, Ottoman astronomer
· Ahmad Nahavandi
· Haly Abenragel
· Abolfadl Harawi
· Nadeem Ahmed
Chemists and alchemists
· Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
· Jafar al-Sadiq
· Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), father of chemistry[1][2][3]
· Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman)
· Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
· Al-Majriti
· Ibn Miskawayh
· Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
· Avicenna
· Al-Khazini
· Nasir al-Din Tusi
· Ibn Khaldun
· Salimuzzaman Siddiqui
· Al-Khwarizmi, Algebra, (Mathematics)
· Ahmed H. Zewail, Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 1999[4]
· Mostafa El-Sayed
· Abdul Qadeer Khan, Nuclear Scientist - Uranium Enrichment Technologist - Centrifuge Method Expert
· Atta ur Rahman, leading scholar in the field of Natural Product Chemistry
· Omar M. Yaghi Professor at the University of California, Berkeley
Economists and social scientists
· Abu Hanifa an-Nu‘man (699-767), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
· Abu Yusuf (731-798), Islamic jurisprudence scholar
· Al-Saghani (d. 990), one of the earliest historians of science[5]
· Shams al-Mo'ali Abol-hasan Ghaboos ibn Wushmgir (Qabus) (d. 1012), economist
· Abu Rayhan al-Biruni (973-1048), considered the "first anthropologist"[6] and father of Indology[7]
· Ibn Sina (Avicenna) (980–1037), economist
· Ibn Miskawayh (b. 1030), economist
· Al-Ghazali (Algazel) (1058–1111), economist
· Al-Mawardi (1075–1158), economist
· Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (Tusi) (1201–1274), economist
· Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), sociologist
· Ibn Taymiyyah (1263–1328), economist
· Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406), forerunner of social sciences[8] such as demography,[9] cultural history,[10] historiography,[11] philosophy of history,[12] sociology[9][12] and economics[13][14]
· Al-Maqrizi (1364–1442), economist
· Akhtar Hameed Khan, Pakistani social scientist; pioneer of microcredit
· Muhammad Yunus, Nobel Prize winner Bangladeshi economist; pioneer of microfinance
· Shah Abdul Hannan, Pioneer of Islamic Banking in South Asia
· Mahbub ul Haq, Pakistani economist; developer of Human Development Index and founder of Human Development Report[15][16]
Geographers and earth scientists
· Al-Masudi, the "Herodotus of the Arabs", and pioneer of historical geography[17]
· Al-Kindi, pioneer of environmental science[18]
· Ibn Al-Jazzar
· Al-Tamimi
· Al-Masihi
· Ali ibn Ridwan
· Muhammad al-Idrisi, also a cartographer
· Ahmad ibn Fadlan
· Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, father of geodesy,[6][9] considered the first geologist and "first anthropologist"[6]
· Avicenna
· Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi
· Averroes
· Ibn al-Nafis
· Ibn Jubayr
· Ibn Battuta
· Ibn Khaldun
· Piri Reis
· Evliya Çelebi
Mathematicians
· Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar
· Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
· Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi (Algorismi) - father of algebra[19] and algorithms[20]
· 'Abd al-Hamid ibn Turk
· Abu al-Hasan ibn Ali al-Qalasadi (1412–1482), pioneer of symbolic algebra[21]
· Abu Kamil Shuja ibn Aslam
· Al-Abbas ibn Said al-Jawhari
· Al-Kindi (Alkindus)
· Banu Musa (Ben Mousa)
· Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir
· Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir
· Al-Khwarizmi
· Al-Mahani
· Ahmed ibn Yusuf
· Al-Majriti
· Muhammad ibn Jabir al-Harrani al-Battani (Albatenius)
· Al-Farabi (Abunaser)
· Al-Khalili
· Al-Nayrizi
· Abu Ja'far al-Khazin
· Brethren of Purity
· Abu'l-Hasan al-Uqlidisi
· Al-Saghani
· Abu Sahl al-Quhi
· Abu-Mahmud al-Khujandi
· Abu al-Wafa' al-Buzjani
· Ibn Sahl
· Al-Sijzi
· Ibn Yunus
· Abu Nasr Mansur
· Kushyar ibn Labban
· Al-Karaji
· Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen/Alhazen)
· Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
· Ibn Tahir al-Baghdadi
· Al-Nasawi
· Al-Jayyani
· Abu Ishaq Ibrahim al-Zarqali (Arzachel)
· Al-Mu'taman ibn Hud
· Omar Khayyám
· Al-Khazini
· Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
· Al-Ghazali (Algazel)
· Al-Marrakushi
· Al-Samawal
· Ibn Rushd (Averroes)
· Ibn Seena (Avicenna)
· Hunayn ibn Ishaq
· Ibn al-Banna'
· Ibn al-Shatir
· Ja'far ibn Muhammad Abu Ma'shar al-Balkhi (Albumasar)
· Jamshid al-Kashi
· Kamal al-Din al-Farisi
· Mu?yi al-Din al-Maghribi
· Maryam Mirzakhani
· Mo'ayyeduddin Urdi
· Muhammad Baqir Yazdi
· Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, 13th century Persian mathematician and philosopher
· Qa?i Zada al-Rumi
· Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi
· Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi
· Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi
· Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf
· Ulugh Beg
· Cumrun Vafa
Biologists, neuroscientists, and psychologists
· Ibn Sirin (654–728), author of work on dreams and dream interpretation[22]
· Al-Kindi (Alkindus), pioneer of psychotherapy and music therapy[23]
· Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of psychiatry, clinical psychiatry and clinical psychology[24]
· Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi, pioneer of mental health,[25] medical psychology, cognitive psychology, cognitive therapy, psychophysiology and psychosomatic medicine[26]
· Al-Farabi (Alpharabius), pioneer of social psychology and consciousness studies[27]
· Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (Haly Abbas), pioneer of neuroanatomy, neurobiology and neurophysiology[27]
· Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis), pioneer of neurosurgery[28]
· Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen), founder of experimental psychology, psychophysics, phenomenology and visual perception[29]
· Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, pioneer of reaction time[30]
· Avicenna (Ibn Sina), pioneer of neuropsychiatry,[31] thought experiment, self-awareness and self-consciousness[32]
· Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar), pioneer of neurology and neuropharmacology[28]
· Averroes, pioneer of Parkinson's disease[28]
· Ibn Tufail, pioneer of tabula rasa and nature versus nurture[33]
· Mir Sajad, Neuroscientist and pioneer in neuroinflammation and neurogenesis.[34][35]
Physicians and surgeons
· Khalid ibn Yazid (Calid)
· Jafar al-Sadiq
· Shapur ibn Sahl (d. 869), pioneer of pharmacy and pharmacopoeia[36]
· Al-Kindi (Alkindus) (801-873), pioneer of pharmacology[37]
· Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman) (810-887)
· Al-Jahiz, pioneer of natural selection
· Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari, pioneer of medical encyclopedia[24]
· Ahmed ibn Sahl al-Balkhi
· Ishaq bin Ali al-Rahwi (854–931), pioneer of peer review and medical peer review[38]
· Al-Farabi (Alpharabius)
· Ibn Al-Jazzar (circa 898-980)
· Abul Hasan al-Tabari - physician
· Ali ibn Sahl Rabban al-Tabari - physician
· Ali ibn Abbas al-Majusi (d. 994), pioneer of obstetrics and perinatology[39]
· Abu Gaafar Amed ibn Ibrahim ibn abi Halid al-Gazzar (10th century), pioneer of dental restoration[40]
· Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) - father of modern surgery, and pioneer of neurosurgery,[28] craniotomy,[39] hematology[41] and dental surgery[42]
· Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), pioneer of eye surgery, visual system[43] and visual perception[44]
· Abu Rayhan al-Biruni
· Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (980-1037) - father of modern medicine,[45] founder of Unani medicine,[41] pioneer of experimental medicine, evidence-based medicine, pharmaceutical sciences, clinical pharmacology,[46] aromatherapy,[47] pulsology and sphygmology,[48] and also a philosopher
· Hakim Syed Zillur Rahman, physician of Unani medicine
· Ibn Miskawayh
· Ibn Zuhr (Avenzoar) - father of experimental surgery,[49] and pioneer of experimental anatomy, experimental physiology, human dissection, autopsy[50] and tracheotomy[51]
· Ibn Bajjah (Avempace)
· Ibn Tufail (Abubacer)
· Averroes
· Ibn al-Baitar
· Ibn Jazla
· Nasir al-Din Tusi
· Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288), father of circulatory physiology, pioneer of circulatory anatomy,[52] and founder of Nafisian anatomy, physiology,[53] pulsology and sphygmology[54]
· Ibn al-Quff (1233–1305), pioneer of embryology[39]
· Kamal al-Din al-Farisi
· Ibn al-Khatib (1313–1374)
· Mansur ibn Ilyas
· Saghir Akhtar - pharmacist
· Syed Ziaur Rahman, pharmacologist
· Toffy Musivand
· Muhammad B. Yunus, the "father of our modern view of fibromyalgia"[55]
· Sheikh Muszaphar Shukor, pioneer of biomedical research in space[56][57]
· Hulusi Behçet, known for the discovery of Behçet's disease
· Gazi Yasargil, the founder of microneurosurgery
· Ibrahim B. Syed - radiologist
· Mehmet Öz, cardiothoracic surgeon
· Abdul Qayyum Rana, Neurologist known for his work on Parkinson's disease
Physicists and engineers
· Jafar al-Sadiq, 8th century
· Banu Musa (Ben Mousa), 9th century
· Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir
· Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir
· Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir
· Abbas Ibn Firnas (Armen Firman), 9th century
· Al-Saghani, 10th century
· Abu Sahl al-Quhi (Kuhi), 10th century
· Ibn Sahl, 10th century
· Ibn Yunus, 10th century
· Al-Karaji, 10th century
· Ibn al-Haytham (Alhacen), 11th century Iraqi scientist, father of optics,[58] pioneer of scientific method[59] and experimental physics,[60] considered the "first scientist"[61]
· Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, 11th century, pioneer of experimental mechanics[62]
· Ibn Sina/Seena (Avicenna), 11th century
· Al-Khazini, 12th century
· Ibn Bajjah (Avempace), 12th century
· Hibat Allah Abu'l-Barakat al-Baghdaadi (Nathanel), 12th century
· Ibn Rushd/Rooshd (Averroes), 12th century Andalusian mathematician, philosopher and medical expert
· Al-Jazari, 13th century civil engineer, father of robotics,[3]
· Nasir al-Din Tusi, 13th century
· Qutb al-Din al-Shirazi, 13th century
· Kamal al-Din al-Farisi, 13th century
· Ibn al-Shatir, 14th century
· Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ma'ruf, 16th century
· Hezarfen Ahmet Celebi, 17th century
· Lagari Hasan Çelebi, 17th century
· Sake Dean Mahomet, 18th century
· Fazlur Khan, 20th century Bangladeshi mechanician
· Mahmoud Hessaby, 20th century Iranian physicist
· Ali Javan, 20th century Iranian physicist
· Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, 20th century Indonesian aerospace engineer and president
· Abdul Kalam, Indian aeronautical engineer and nuclear scientist
· Mehran Kardar, Iranian theoretical physicist
· Cumrun Vafa, Iranian mathematical physicist
· Nima Arkani-Hamed, American-born Iranian physicist
· Munir Nayfeh Palestinian-American particle physicist
· Abdus Salam, Pakistani Theoretical Physicist, First Muslim scientist Nobel Laureate
· Riazuddin, Pakistani theoretical physicist
· Abdul Qadeer Khan, Pakistani nuclear scientist
· Abdus Salam, 1st Pakistani theoretical physicist who won the Nobel Prize in Physics
· Ali Musharafa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
· Sameera Moussa, Egyptian nuclear physicist
· Munir Ahmad Khan, Father of Pakistan's nuclear program
· Shahid Hussain Bokhari, Pakistani researcher in the field of parallel and distributed computing
· Kerim Kerimov, a founder of Soviet space program, a lead architect behind first human spaceflight (Vostok 1), and the lead architect of the first space stations (Salyut and Mir)[63][64]
· Farouk El-Baz, a NASA scientist involved in the first Moon landings with the Apollo program[65]
Political scientists
· Syed Qutb
· Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr
· Abul Ala Maududi
· Hasan al-Turabi
· Hassan al-Banna
· Mohamed Hassanein Heikal
· M. A. Muqtedar Khan
· Rashid al-Ghannushi
Other scientists and inventors
· Azizul Haque
· Umar Saif